不同土地利用/覆被情景下生态系统减轻水库泥沙淤积的服务能力与经济价值模拟

以ArcGIS9.2为平台,构建了生态系统减轻水库泥沙淤积服务物质量和价值量评估模型.整合2000年的相关数据将此模型应用于二滩水库,并模拟了10种不同土地利用/覆被情景下集水区生态系统该项服务的能力和在水库使用年限内服务总价值的响应.结果表明:2000年,二滩水库集水区土壤保持量12.1亿t·a-1,高值区分布于雅砻江干流和支流水网附近.泥沙输移比在河道附近和水库周边较高.水库周边是最为主要的保沙区.水库使用年限内,集水区对于减轻二滩水库泥沙淤积服务总价值27.53亿元.集水区内不同结构类型的土地利用/覆被情景对保沙能力所产生的影响各异,模拟保沙量符合林地＞草地＞裸地＞农田规律,农田保沙能力最弱,是二滩水库最为主要的产沙源.     

Influence of nutrient status and grazing pressure on the fate of Francisella tularensis in lake water

The natural reservoir of Francisella tularensis , the causative agent of tularaemia, is yet to be identified. We investigated the possibility that Francisella persists in natural aquatic ecosystems between outbreaks. It was hypothesized that nutrient-rich environments, with strong protozoan predation, favour the occurrence of the tularaemia bacterium. To investigate the differences in adaptation to aquatic environments of the species and subspecies of Francisella , we screened 23 strains for their ability to survive grazing by the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis . All the Francisella strains tested were consumed at a low rate, although significant differences between subspecies were found. The survival and virulence of gfp -labelled F. tularensis ssp. holarctica were then studied in a microcosm experiment using natural lake water, with varying food web complexities and nutrient availabilities. High nutrient conditions in combination with high abundances of nanoflagellates were found to favour F. tularensis ssp. holarctica . The bacterium was observed both free-living and within the cells of a nanoflagellate. Francisella tularensis entered a viable but nonculturable state during the microcosm experiment. When studied over a longer period of time, F. tularensis ssp. holarctica survived in the lake water, but loss of virulence was not prevented by either high nutrient availability or the presence of predators.     

Metals,trace elements,and organochlorine compounds in bottom sediment of Tuttle Creek Lake,Kansas, U.S.A.

Bottom-sediment cores were used to investigate the occurrence of 44 metals and trace elements, and 15 organochlorine compounds in Tuttle Creek Lake, a reservoir with an agricultural basin in northeast Kansas, U.S.A. On the basis of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sediment-quality guidelines, concentrations of Ag, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn frequently or typically exceeded the threshold-effects levels for toxic biological effects. Organochlorine compounds either were not detected or were detected at concentrations generally below the threshold-effects levels. Statistically significant positive depositional trends were determined for several elements. However, because the vertical profiles of element concentrations typically indicated a bimodal distribution and much of the variability could be attributable to analytical variance, the statistical trends may not represent actual trends. DDE concentrations reflected the history of DDT use. Substantial increases in grain corn and soybean production, irrigated land, and hog production in the basin have not had a discernible effect on sediment quality in the reservoir. Future research focused on small impoundments throughout the basin may enhance understanding of the effects of human activity on sediment quality within the Tuttle Creek Lake system and elsewhere.     

广东省大中型供水水库营养现状及浮游生物的响应

于2000年调查了广东省18座大中型供水水库的水质现状并探讨了浮游生物对营养水平的响应。总氮、总磷、透明度和叶绿素a分别为0．15～7.15mg／L、0．003～0．387mg／L、0．4～6．3m和0．6～32．3ug／L。总氮、总磷、透明度均与叶绿素a呈较高的相关性。根据这4个因子的综合加权营养状态指数为23．7～55．1,季节差异不大,大多数水库处于中营养状态。金藻在中-富及富营养型水库中没有分布,而蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻和甲藻在调查水库中均有比较广的营养生态位,但它们的密度及相对优势度在各营养型水库中有一定的差异。高营养水平水库有较高的细胞密度和叶绿素a含量。营养水平较低的水库浮游植物以硅藻-甲藻、硅藻-绿藻或金藻-硅藻为主;营养水平较高的水库以蓝藻-硅藻或蓝藻-绿藻为主,并有较高的裸藻密度。浮游动物基本上以桡足类为优势种群,但在中-富营养和富营养型水库中,哲水蚤种类比低营养型水库中少。枝角类优势种类在各营养型水库差别不大。轮虫对水体营养水平的响应相对比较显著。低营养水平水库的轮虫以广营养型、中营养型或寡中营养型种类为主,种类数目比较少;富营养和中-富营养型水库的轮虫以喜在中营养到富营养条件下生长的种类为主,且轮虫种类数目比较多。     

Spatial and seasonal variation in nutrient excretion by benthic invertebrates in a eutrophic reservoir

1. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fluxes via excretion by benthic invertebrates were quantified in a eutrophic reservoir (Acton Lake, Ohio, U.S.A.). We quantified variation in nutrient fluxes seasonally (June until November 1997), spatially (three sites) and among taxa (chironomids, tubificid oligochaetes and Chaoborus). 2. The three taxa differed in spatial distribution and contribution to nutrient fluxes. Tubificids were the most abundant taxon at two oxic sites (1.5 and 4 m depth), and were exceedingly rare at an anoxic, hypolimnetic site (8 m). Chironomids were abundant only at the shallowest oxic site. Chaoborus was the only abundant taxon at the anoxic site. Total benthic invertebrate biomass was greatest at the shallowest site and lowest at the anoxic, hypolimnetic site. 3. Mass‐specific excretion rate [μmol NH₄–N or soluble reactive P (SRP) excreted mg dry mass^–1 h^–1] varied among experiments and was influenced by temperature. Differences among taxa were not significant. Thus, nutrient flux through benthic invertebrates was affected more by total invertebrate biomass and temperature than by species composition. 4. Fluxes of N and P via benthic invertebrate excretion (μmol NH₄–N or SRP m^–2 day^–1) were greatest at the oxic sites, where fluxes were dominated by the excretion of tubificids and chironomids. The N and P fluxes at the anoxic site were much lower, and were dominated by excretion by Chaoborus. The ratio of N and P excreted by the benthic invertebrate assemblage varied seasonally and was lowest at the anoxic site. 5. Comparison with other measured inputs shows that excretion by benthic invertebrates could be an important source of nutrients, especially of P. However, the relative importance of nutrient excretion by the benthos varies greatly spatially and temporally.     

贵州百花湖夏季浮游植物昼夜垂直分布特征

为了探讨浮游植物在水体中的昼夜垂直分布格局,于2012年7月31日至8月1日对百花湖(水库)浮游植物进行昼夜24 h定点分层研究。研究结果表明:蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻种类数在水体中具有明显的分层现象,蓝藻种类数在0.5—2 m居多,绿藻种类数在0.5—6 m明显多于7—14 m,硅藻种类数主要分布在6 m及以深的水层中。湖泊假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena limnetica)为绝对优势种,相对丰度为82.69%。8:00时湖泊假鱼腥藻在2—3 m处聚集程度最高,10:00时聚集程度最高的水层上升至0.5 m,10:00—12:00湖泊假鱼腥藻的细胞丰度由0.5 m向2 m扩增,12:00时在2 m处达到全天峰值,此时0.5 m处的细胞丰度是除6:00外的最小值,12:00—14:00湖泊假鱼腥藻的细胞丰度由2 m向0.5 m扩增,16:00时又大量聚集于1 m处,说明湖泊假鱼腥藻在白天具有明显的垂直迁移现象;湖泊假鱼腥藻丰度的MI指数白天在1.45—2.07之间,夜间在1.40—1.46之间,变化趋势与时间深度等值图结果相符,说明湖泊假鱼腥藻在水体中昼夜均呈聚集分布,且白天的聚集程度及变化幅度大于夜间;百花湖浮游植物总丰度的昼夜垂直分布格局与湖泊假鱼腥藻一致;水体中浮游植物总丰度和湖泊假鱼腥藻丰度夜间低于白天。光照的昼夜交替和水柱温差的昼夜变化是影响浮游植物总丰度和湖泊假鱼腥藻垂直分布格局昼夜变化的重要环境因素。     

基于效益分摊的水电水足迹计算方法——以密云水库为例

随着中国经济的飞速发展,可再生能源的开发利用已经被提到重要的议事日程,其中水力发电是重中之重。但水力发电过程也消耗大量的水资源,使得水电水足迹的核算成为当前水足迹研究热点。多功能水库同时具有发电、供水、防洪、旅游、水产等多种生态系统服务功能。传统水足迹核算方法往往将水库的水足迹等同于水电水足迹,忽略了水库的多功能性,因而高估了水电的水足迹。对传统水电水足迹的核算方法进行了改进,考虑到水库不同的生态系统服务功能,加入了水电效益分摊系数这一指标,将水电水足迹从水库水足迹中分离出来。以华北最大水库北京密云水库为例,采用传统的方法和改进的方法计算了密云水库1988—2004年水电水足迹。研究结果显示:倘若不考虑效益分摊,按照传统的方法,密云水库1988—2004年平均水电水足迹为897 m3/GJ;按照效益分摊的方法计算得到的平均水电水足迹为127 m3/GJ,仅为不考虑效益分摊情况下计算的水电水足迹的14%。水力发电是密云水库初期建设的主要目的,但自1998年之后发电量逐年减少,近年来基本不发电。传统方法下的2004年单位水电水足迹为4529.5 m3/GJ,为单位水电水足迹最大的年份;但应用改进方法后该年的单位水电水足迹仅为67.3 m3/GJ,反而成为单位水电水足迹最大的年份。考虑效益分摊更能够体现水电水足迹的真实情况,为多功能水库水电水足迹核算提供了新的思路和方法。     

典型亚热带热分层水库秋季细菌群落垂直分布

水库在我国东南沿海地区是重要的饮用水水源地,对地区经济发展和社会稳定起到重要作用。选择亚热带地区典型的热分层水库——福建莆田东圳水库,于2011年秋季稳定分层期,以水体温度的垂直变化特征为依据进行分层采样。应用PCRDGGE和克隆测序的方法研究浮游细菌群落的垂直分布特征,利用多元统计分析揭示细菌群落与热分层水体理化指标之间的关系。结果显示:溶解氧、电导率、叶绿素a、总氮、氨氮及硝氮在上下层水体中的分布有显著差异,下层缺氧区细菌的ShannonWiener指数和DGGE条带数明显高于上层好氧区,表明东圳水库热分层水体中存在明显的物理、化学及生物分层现象。测序结果表明β-变形菌可能是东圳水库中占优势的细菌类群,统计结果提示溶解氧是显著影响细菌群落组成的环境因子。热分层水体的物理化学分层与水体细菌群落结构密切相关,提示水库生态学研究应对水体热分层给予重视。